Geoff Jones

After a most magnificent breakfast at the Oyster Guest House, unusually, in my experience, cooked by the landlady.

I started the final UK leg to Dover, I opted for the scenic route to avoid Canterbury & the evils of the A290.

The first part was on the Oyster Bay cyclepath, A REAL cycle path along the coast to Herne Bay then inland through delightful villages such as Preston finally arriving back on the coast at Sandwich. The ride along the coast here was pretty tough with a 10-15mph head wind. Then the monster climb from Kingsdown beach to St Margaret’s.

The descent into Dover was once again marred by the wretched Route 1 Kissing gates (although slightly larger this time) really pleased to be leaving those obstructions behind.

£20 later and I was grateful to be aboard the DFDS ferry to Calais, as the rain had started 🙁 I managed a lovely Facetime chat with Isla who enjoyed seeing the white cliffs of Dover from the ship 🙂

Now booked into the Hotel Pacific which I’m pretty sure is where I stayed last time. Tonights Moule Marineres were made rather exciting as suddenly the heavens opened up with amazing ferocity . all we customers had to hang onto the awning to prevent its escape onto the English Channel.

Once again struggling to get internet access in France. I finally, reluctantly, decided to get the SFR Web Trotter dongle with a 4GB allowance to be used in 30 days. Lets hope it works, seems to be taking ages to charge up. The shop opens at 10am tomorrow…..

Todays Strava stats for the 39 miles (I did 3 more miles in Calais) are here:

Strava_Ride___Whitstable_to_Dover

and the days pics are here

Very interesting email I received on one of my favourite topics. If you measure what is going in it strikes me what is coming out is equally important.

After all doctors used to taste your urine 🙂 It’s interesting how the FDA are getting drawn into the debate. Basically if you interept the dipstick manually it’s OK once you use a camera & computer it becomes a medical device! see here.

———————–email from uchek——————

After our US and India app releases, it has been an interested time!

– Lots of downloads of the uChek app on iPhone in USA and India

– ALL our friends on the Android platform and in non-US, non-India geographies writing to ask “When will we get it?“

(btw Answer: SOON!

We’re be sending an update on release in different geographies, and of course, the much anticipated Android app)

Also interesting development: uChek is a FDA registered device and we have been in discussions with the regulator about the classification of the product. Much commentary about this on the web. Like here.

We seem to be somehow in the center of a wider debate about innovation and regulation.

Another thing we’ve noticed – nobody on facebook wants to talk about urine using their real name 🙂

So we’ll use this email to talk about urinalysis, and what information the results of a urine test may contain …

A simple 10 parameter dipstick (less than 20 cents) can be a powerful diagnostic tool. This is precise the type of test strip we read using the uChek app, through the iPhone’s camera.

Such a standard urine test strip may comprise up to 10 different chemical pads or reagents which react and hence change color when immersed in, and then removed from, a urine sample. The readings can be obtained between 60 and 120 seconds of dipping. Each parameter has to be read at a specific time after the start of the reaction, as per the manufacturer’s instructions. There are many manufacturers and many types of strips. Information about concentration measurements of parameters like glucose, urobilinogen, pH, ketone, occult blood, protein, bilirubin, nitrite, leukocyte, and specific gravity in urine may be obtained in this way.

The absence or relative concentration of different parameters may provide inputs for healthcare professionals for diagnosis, and management of upto 25 medical conditions.

Glucose:

Glucose is not normally present in the urine.
Once the level of glucose in the blood reaches a renal threshhold, the kidneys begin to excrete it into the urine in an attempt to decrease the blood concentration. So high blood concentrations lead to glucosuria, as does conditions that may reduce this renal threshold.

Diabetes
Liver disease
Medications such as tetracycline, lithium, penicillin, cephalosporins
Pregnancy

Bilirubin:

Produced as a by-product during the degradation of RBC in the liver and normally excreted in the bile. Once in the intestine it is excreted in the faeces (as stercobilin) or by the kidneys (as urobilinogen).
Presence of bilirubin in the urine may therefore indicate:

liver disease
biliary tract infection
pancreatic causes of obstructive jaundice

Ketones:

Not normally found in the urine, ketones are produced during fat metabolism.
Presence of ketones may indicate:

diabetes
alcoholism
eclampsia
a state of starvation
pregnancy

Specific Gravity:

The specific gravity (SG) of urine signifies the concentration of dissolved solutes and reflects the effectiveness of the renal tubules to concentrate it ( when the body needs to conserve fluid). If there were no solutes present the urines SG would be 1.000, the same as pure water.
The SG of urine is around 1.010 but can vary greatly:

Decreased SG may be due to:

Excessive fluid intake (oral or IV fluids)
Renal failure
Acute golmerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis
Diabetes insipidus

Increased SG may be due to:

Dehydration due to poor fluid intake, vomiting or diarrhoea
Heart failure
Liver failure
Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

It also reflects a high solute concentration which may be from glucose (diabetes or IV glucose) or protein.

Blood:

Classified as microscopic or macroscopic haematoria. Microscopic means that the blood is not visible with the naked eye.
Blood may be present in the urine following trauma, smoking, infection, renal calculi or strenuous exercise.

It may also be present with:

Urinary tract infections.
Damage to the glomerulas or tumours which erode the urinary tract.
Acute tubular necrosis.
Traumatic catheterization.
Damage caused by the passage of kidney stones.
Contamination from the vagina during menstruation

The presence of myoglobin (myoglobinuria) after muscle injury will also cause the reagent strip to indicate blood.

pH:

Measures the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine.
It is important that a fresh sample be used as urine becomes more alkaline over time as bacteria convert urea to ammonia (which is very alkaline).
Urine is normally acidic but its normal pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.

Low pH (acidic):

Foods such as acidic fruits (cranberries) can lower the pH, as can high a high protein diet.
As urine generally reflects the blood pH, metabolic or respiratory acidosis can make it more acidic.
Other causes of acidic urine include diabetes, diarrhoea and starvation.

High pH (alkaline):

Low carb or vegetarian diet
May be associated with renal calculi.
Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
Urinary tract infection

Protein:

This is measuring the amount of albumin in the urine. Normally there should be no detectable quantities.
Elevated protein levels are known as proteinuria. Albumin is one of the smaller protiens, and if the kidneys begin to dysfuncion it may show an early sign of kidney disease.

Other conditions which may lead to protein in the urine include:

Injury to the urinary tract, bladder or urethra
Inflammation, malignancies.
Multiple myeloma

Urobilinogen:

Normally present in the urine in small quantity. Less than 1% of urobilinogen is passed by the kidneys the remainder is excreted in the faeces or transported back to the liver and converted into bile.

Raised levels may be due to:

Cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Hepatic necrosis
Haemolytic and pernicious anaemia
Malaria

Nitrites:

Nitrites are formed by the breakdown of urinary nitrates. This us usually caused by Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.
So the presence of nitrites suggests bacterial infection such as E.coli, Staphylococcus and Klebsiella.
Commonly found during a urinary tract infection.

Leukocytes:

Detects white cells in the urine (pyuria) which is associated with urinary tract infection.

Source: ImpactedNurse

Urinalysis may be useful in investigations and management of the following conditions.

1. Urinary tract infections
2. Cirrhosis of the liver
3. Hepatitis
4. Hemolytic anemia
5. Malaria
6. Pre-eclampsia
7.Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
8. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
9. Diabetse mellitus
10. Diarrhoea
11. Starvation
12. Renal calculi
13. Diabetes ketoacidosis
14. Biliary tract infections
15. Obstructive jaundice
16. Pregnancy
17. Alcoholism
18. Dehydration
19. Heart failure
20. Diabetes Insipidus
21. Nephropathy – Diabetic and Hypertensive
22. Multiple Myeloma
23. Menstruation
24. Vomitting
25. Cancers of the urinary tract, kidney, bladder

Addional information on this topic may be obtained from the sources below.

Mayo Clinic article on Urinalysis
Emergency Medicine News article on Urine dipstick testing
Patient.co.uk article on Urine dipstick analysis
“The Abnormal Urinalysis”, Pediatric Clinics of North America

—————end email uchek——————–

Geoff Jones

Leaving the Country – Day 3 – Whitstable to Calais

Mega bike ride – Day 2 Euston to Whitsable

Black Sea here I come

Urine analysis with @uchek

The absence or relative concentration of different parameters may provide inputs for healthcare professionals for diagnosis, and management of upto 25 medical conditions.

Glucose:

Bilirubin:

Ketones:

Specific Gravity:

Blood:

pH:

Protein:

Urobilinogen:

Nitrites:

Leukocytes:

Source: ImpactedNurse

Urinalysis may be useful in investigations and management of the following conditions.